Pradeep Kumar Biswas vs Indian Institute Of Chemical Biology & ...

The Supreme Court re-examined the definition of 'State' under Article 12 of the Constitution in the context of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and its applicability to writ petitions. The Court held that CSIR qualifies as a 'State' under Article 12, thereby allowing for the enforcement of fundamental rights under Articles 14 and 16 against it. The decision in Sabhajit Tewary v. Union of India was overruled, establishing that entities created by the government can be considered authorities for the purpose of judicial review.