RAM LAL WADHWA & ANR. vs THE STATE OF HARYANA & ORS.

The Supreme Court examined the Punjab Educational Service (Provincialised Cadre) Class III Rules, 1961, under Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution, determining that the rules created a discriminatory framework by establishing a separate and diminishing cadre for provincialised teachers, which adversely affected their promotion opportunities compared to their counterparts in the State cadre. The Court held that the failure to integrate the two cadres and the retrospective effect of the rules constituted a violation of the right to equality in promotion, thus invalidating the 1961 Rules as discriminatory.